Chemicals commonly found in tap water, even at levels considered safe, may affect embryo development and female fertility, according to new research from the University of Adelaide.
The study examined the impact of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, known as PFAS, on female mice after consuming treated tap water over periods of four weeks and six months. Researchers reported changes in embryo development, including reduced cell numbers, impaired function and evidence of DNA damage.
Lead author Dr Yasmyn Winstanley said the findings suggest that even low-level exposure may have measurable biological effects.
“Our study shows just four weeks of consuming regular tap water with low levels of PFAS chemicals was enough to reduce the number of cells and their function in embryos,” she said, adding that longer exposure appeared to worsen outcomes.
The research also found lower fetal weight in offspring following prolonged exposure. Low birth weight has previously been linked to a higher likelihood of health conditions later in life, including metabolic and cardiovascular issues.
PFAS are widely used synthetic chemicals valued for their resistance to heat, water and oil. Their persistence in the environment means they are now detectable in soil, food and drinking water in many parts of the world.
Senior author Professor Rebecca Robker said the study modelled exposure at concentrations that align with current regulatory guidelines, raising questions about existing standards.
“The detrimental effects that were observed were not reversed when exposure stopped or through any antioxidant treatment,” she said.
The study focused on three commonly detected PFAS compounds: PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS. Water samples were collected from central Adelaide and nearby residential areas, with laboratory models designed to reflect those concentrations.
While the findings point to potential risks, the research was conducted on animal models, and further work is needed to confirm how closely these results translate to humans. Public health agencies have generally maintained that current PFAS limits in drinking water are set with safety margins, though some countries have begun reviewing or tightening those thresholds as new evidence emerges.
One part of the study offered a practical insight. Researchers found that carbon filtration was effective in removing PFAS from water used in the experiments, preventing the observed effects on embryos.
Professor Robker said this highlights both the presence of trace chemicals in everyday water supplies and the need for broader awareness.
The research, funded by the Channel 7 Children’s Research Foundation, has been published in the journal Environmental Research. Future work will focus on testing technologies aimed at reducing PFAS in water systems and limiting long-term exposure.
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